திங்கள், 15 ஆகஸ்ட், 2011

உஸ்மானிய சாம்ராஜ்யம்


c]khdpa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; mbj;jskhf tpsq;fpatH c];khd; fh]p vd;w NguurH MthH. ,tUf;F ,uz;L kfd;fs; ,Ue;jdH. ,tuJ %j;j kfd; Ml;rpg; gjtpf;F jFjpaw;wtuhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy;> jdf;Fg; gpwF jdJ Ml;rpg; gjtpf;fhd thhprhf jdJ ,isa kfd; XHfhd; vd;gtiu muruhf epakpj;jhH c];khd; fh]p.
XHfhdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; nghOJ> fpwp];jt Mrpa ikdH gFjpfs; vy;yhk; ,tuJ iftrk; te;jd. XHfhdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ehLfspy; ifjpfshfg; gpbf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F ,ytr fy;tp trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,d;Dk; gy fpwp];jtHfs; K];ypk;fSf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;b tpl;L jkJ tho;it K];ypk; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;J fopf;f Muk;gpj;jdH.
K];ypk;fspd; eltbf;iffs;> nfhs;iffs; Nfhl;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;why; ftug;gl;l fpwp];jtHfs; gyH> ,];yhj;ijj; jk; tho;tpay; newpahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH. NghHfspy; rpiw gpbf;fg;gl;l ,isQHfSf;F ,];yhkpaf; fy;tp Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ kl;Lky;yhJ> mtHfSf;F NghHf;fiyfisAk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. K];ypk;fspd; eltbf;iffspdhy; ftug;gl;l ,e;j ,isQHfs;> ,];yhj;ijj; jkJ tho;tpay; newpahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ> NghHf;fiyfisf; fw;Wf; nfhz;ljd; gpd;dH> K];ypk;fspd; ,uhZtj;jpNyNa gzpahw;w gzp epakdKk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldH. ,j;jifa ,isQHfis itj;J ,uhZtj;jpy; rpwg;Gg; gphpT xd;iwAk; K];ypk;fs; cUthf;fpdhHfs;. ,j;jifatHfshy; K];ypk;fSf;F ,Utif mZ$yq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. KjyhtJ jkJ ,uhZtj;jpw;F kpfr; rpwe;j gilazp cUthdNjhL> fpwp];jtHfsplkpUe;J tUk; vjpHg;GfSk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Vnddpy;> gilazpapy; ,Uf;ff; $ba ,isQHfs; midtUk; VNjh xUtifapy; mtHfSf;F cwT Kiwapduhf ,Ue;J te;jJ jhd; fhuzkhFk;.
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Njrk; KOtJk; fphpkpdy; kw;Wk; rptpy; tof;Ffisf; ftdpf;f ePjpkd;wq;fSk; epWtg;gl;ld. ,d;Dk; efu epHthfk; cUthf;fg;gl;L> kUj;Jtkidfs;> G+q;fhf;fs;> jq;Fkplq;fs; Mfpaitfs; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;ld.
XHfhd; mtHfSf;F ,U Gjy;tHfs; ,Ue;jdH. XHfhidg; Nghy mtuJ %j;j Gjy;tH Riykhd; kpfr; rpwe;j tPuuhfj; jpfo;e;NjhL> gy gilazpfSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpr; nrd;W gy ntw;wpfisj; jdJ je;ijf;F <l;bj; je;Js;shH. Riykhdpd; mfhy kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;> jdJ thhprhf jdJ ,isa Gjy;tH Kuhj; -1 vd;gtiu XHfhd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; mkHj;jpdhH.
Kuhj; - 1 jdJ 40 tJ tajpy; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpw;F te;jhH. ,tH jdJ ehl;bd; vy;iyia INuhg;gpa ehLfs; tiu ePl;bf; nfhz;L nrd;whH. Mrpa ikdH tiuAk; ,tuJ Ml;rpg; gpuNjrk; ,Ue;J te;jJ.
INuhg;ghtpd; Ml;hpdhgpy; efiuf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd; gy;Nfhpah kw;Wk; nrHgpahitr; NrHe;j fpwp];jtHfs; kpfTk; Nfhgk; nfhz;lhHfs;. Nghg;gpw;F jfty; mDg;gp> KO ,];yhkpa rhk;uh[aj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhdnjhU NghHg; gpufldj;ij mwptpf;FkhWk;> INuhg;gpa gilfSf;F cjtTtjw;F mjp rPf;fpuj;jpy; cjtpg; gilfis mDg;gp itf;FkhWk;> Nghg; mtHfSf;F Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhHfs;. Nuhk; efhpy; Nghg; mtHfs; tpLj;j miw$tiy mLj;J> fpwp];jtg; gilfs; gy;Nfhpah kw;Wk; nrHgpahit Nehf;fp efuj; njhlq;fpd.
Kuhj; - 1 yhyh \`Pd; vd;gtiuj; jdJ gilj;jsgjpahf Mf;fp> 20 Mapuk; NgH nfhz;l K];ypk; gilia fpwp];jtg; gilfis vjpHnfhs;s mDg;gp itj;jhH. K];ypk;fspd; ,e;j rpd;dQ;rpwpa gil gy;yhapuf;fzf;fpy; jpuz;L te;j fpwp];jtg; gilfisj; Jtk;rk; nra;J> mtHfis tpul;babj;jJ. mJkl;Lky;yhky; Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhiu gpzq;fshf tpl;L tpl;Lr; nrd;w fpwp];jtg;gilfs;> NkYk; jq;fsJ gFjpfis K];ypk; ,uhZtj;jplk; ,oe;J nrd;whHfs;.
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tof;fk; Nghy fpwp];jt ,uhZtj;jpd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhl;bYk; ehd;fpy; xU gq;fpduhf K];ypk; ,uhZtj;jpdH ,Ue;jdH. ,UgilfSk; Nkhjpd> tpisT - fpwp];jtg; gilfs; gLNkhrkhd Njhy;tpiar; re;jpj;J GwKJfpl;L Xbd.
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gy;Nfhpa kd;dd;> jdJ kfis Kuhj; 1 mtHfSf;F kzKbj;Jf; nfhLj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ> mikjp xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;L cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhH.
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,e;j ehl;fspy; Mrpa ikdH gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l fytuj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhf jdJ kfd; rht;[p vd;gtiu ml;hpaNehgps; efhpd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; mkHj;jp tpl;L> Ry;jhd; Kuhj; 1 nrd;W tpl;lhH. Ry;jhd; Kuhj; ,y;yhj epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l fhz;];lhd;bd;Nehgps; ehl;bd; kd;ddJ kfd; mz;l;Nuhdpf];> rht;[pf;fpw;F Ml;rpiag; gw;wp Mir thHj;ij Cl;l Muk;gpj;J> Kuhj; 1 I Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J ePf;fp tpl;L> Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w Cf;fkspj;jhd;. Muk;gpj;jhy; nrhe;jj; je;ijiaNa vg;gb Ml;rpf; ftpo;g;G nra;J tpl;L Ml;rpiag; gpLq;fpf; nfhs;tJ vd;W kWj;j rht;[p> mz;l;Nuhdpf]; d; njhlH Mir thHj;ijfspd; fhuzkhf ,jw;F rk;kjpj;jhH.
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jpl;lkpl;lgb fhz;];lhd;bd; Nehgps; efiuj; jhf;fpf; ifg;gw;wpa ,e;j $l;Lf; fs;sg;gilfspd; je;jpuj;ij mwpe;J nfhz;l Kuhj; kpf tpiuthf ml;hpaNehgps; f;F te;J NrHe;jJ kl;Lky;yhJ> rP]uJ kfdpd; jpl;lq;fisf; fz;bj;J fbdkhd thHj;ijfisg; gpuNahfpj;J xU kliy mDg;gp itj;jhH. Kuhj; 1 d; gilfs; ,e;j $l;Lf; fs;sg;gilfis Kw;Wifapl;L> rP]uJ kfidAk;> Kuhj; 1 d; kfidAk; ifJ nra;J Kuhj; 1 d; Kd; epWj;jpdhHfs;.
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jdJ kfidj; jd; ifahNyNa nfhy;tjh? nfhy;yhky; tpl;L tpl;lhy; Kuhj; 1 d; rpdj;jpw;F Mshf Ntz;LNk vd;W ,Ujiyf; nfhy;yp vWk;ghfj; jtpj;j kd;dd; rP]H> xU KbTf;F te;jtuhf jdJ kfdpd; fz;fspy; mkpyj;ij Cw;wpf; FUlhf;fp> capUld; tho tpl;L> jz;lidia epiwNtw;wpdhH. gpd;dH Ry;jhd; Kuhj; 1 mtHfSf;F jfty; je;J> ele;J tpl;l rk;gtq;fSf;F tUj;jk; njhptpj;jhH kd;dH rP]H. kd;dH rP]H jdJ kfDf;F jz;lidia epiwNtw;wpa tpjk; Fwpj;J mwpe;j Kuhj; 1> re;Njh\g;gl;lNjhL mtuJ kfd; capH tho;tijapl;L ve;j vjpHeltbf;ifiaAk; vLf;fhky; me;jg; gpur;idia mj;NjhL tpl;L tpl;lhH.
,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jf; fpwp];jtHfs; Rk;kh ,Ue;jhHfsh? ,y;iy. jq;fsJ fgl ehlfj;ijj; njhlHe;J nfhz;L jhd; ,Ue;jhHfs;.
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Kuhj; mtHfs; Mrpa ikdH gFjpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;bUe;j fhy fl;lj;jpy;> INuhg;gpa ehLfshd nrHgpah> gy;Nfhpah> my;Ngdpah> `q;Nfhp> fpshrpah> Nghye;J> n[Hkdp> M];jphpah> ,j;jhyp> kw;Wk; Ngh];dpah ehLfspy; Kuhj; 1 f;F vjpuhf kpfg; ngUk; fpsHr;rpfs; fpwp];jtHfs; kj;jpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;gij mwpahky; ,Ue;J nfhz;bUe;jhH.
fp.gp. 791 y; g];uhtpy; mtH ,Ue;J nfhz;bUe;j fhy fl;lj;jpy; K];ypk;fspd; 20 Mapuk; NgH nfhz;l gilia fpwp];jtg; gilfs; tPo;j;jpaNjhL> Kuhj; 1 d; jiyefH $l fpwp];jtHfspd; mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;w mjpHr;rpahd jftiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Kuhj; 1 clNd jdJ gilia mz;l;hpNehgpis Nehf;fpr; nrYj;jpdhH. gpd; fp.gp.792 y; Ry;jhd; Kuhj; 1 d; gilj;jsgjp gh]h vd;gtH kPz;Lk; gy;Nfhpah it Kuhj; 1 d; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jNjhL> gioa xg;ge;jj;ij kPz;Lk; mKy;gLj;JkhWk;> Kuhj; 1 f;F fg;gk; fl;b tUkhWk; fpwp];jt kd;dHfisg; gzpj;jhH.
Mdhy; nrHgpa kd;dNdh Ngh];dpah kw;Wk; fpwp];jt $l;Lg;gilfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;L Kuhj; 1 f;F rthy; tplj; njhlq;fpdhH. nrHgpa kd;ddJ rthiy Vw;Wf; nfhz;l Kuhj; 1 jhNd fsj;jpy; gilj;jsgjpahf ,wq;fpdhH. Kuhj;jpd; gilfSk; nrHgpag; gilfSk; NfhNrhNth tpy; Nkhjpf; nfhs;s fsk; mikj;jd. tof;fk; Nghy Kuhj; d; gilfs; fpwp];jtg; gilfis tpl ehd;fpy; xU gq;F ,Ug;gijf; fz;l fpwp];jtg; gilfs;> K];ypk; gilfis kpf vspjpy; ntd;W tplyhk; vd;W kpfTk; cw;rhfile;jhHfs;.
,q;Nf K];ypk;fSf;Fg; gy gpur;idfs; ,Ue;jd. njhlHe;J Nghhpl;L te;jJk;> kpf ePz;l J}uk; gazk; nra;J te;jJk; K];ypk; gilapdH NghUf;F Kd; jq;fis MRthrg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s mtfhrk; Njitg;gl;lJ> Mdhy; me;j mtfhrk; rw;Wk; ,y;yhj epiyNa mq;F fhzg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; fpwp];jtg;gilfNsh kpfTk; cw;rhfkhf nrhe;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L NghH nra;aTk;> ,d;Dk; NghH elf;Fk; ,lq;fisr; Rw;wpYk; nrhe;j ,dj;ijAk;> kjj;ijAk;> ,dj;ijAk;> nkhopiaAk; nfhz;l fpwp];jtHfis ez;gHfshfTk; mtHfs; ngw;wpUe;jdH Nghd;w rhjfq;fisf; fpwp];jtHfs; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
fsj;jpy; ,wq;Ftjw;F Kd; ,uz;L gilazpfSk; kpf ePz;l MNyhridfspy; ,wq;fpd. K];ypk; gilazpfspd; Nfhyj;ijg; ghHj;j fpwp];jtg; gilj;jsgjpfs;> xNu ehspy; ,tHfis NtuWj;J tpLNthk; vd;W ,Ukhg;Gf; nfhz;ldH. ,uTg; nghOJf;Fs; mtHfspy; vtiuAk; capUld; tpl;L itf;f khl;Nlhk; vd;W fH[pj;jdH.
kWGwk; ,Ue;j K];ypk; gilfNsh> kpfg; gpuk;khz;lkhd fpwp];jtg;gilfisg; ghHj;J cs;Sf;Fs; fjpfyq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. K];ypk;fspd; MNyhridapd; nghOJ> K];ypk; gilfSf;F Kd;dhy; xl;lfq;fis mzptFf;f itj;J> mjd; %yk; K];ypk;fs; xU ghJfhg;G muizg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd;w MNyhrid Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;thW ehk; nra;tJ ek;Kila gytPdj;ij vjphpfspd; Kd; ntspg;gLj;jp tpLk; vdNt> mt;thW ehk; nra;tJ ekf;F ey;yjy;y vd;w fUj;ij Mzpj;jukhf> Kuhj; 1 d; %j;j kfd; itj;jhH. NkYk; vjphpia NeUf;F NeH re;jpf;fNt mtH tpUg;gk; njhptpj;jhH.
gilj;jsgjpfspd; gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j Kuhj; 1 ve;jj; njspthd KbTf;F tu ,ayhjtuhf ,Ue;jhH. mNjNeuj;jpy;> md;iwa nghOJ K];ypk;fs; $lhukbj;j jpiria Nehf;fp kpff; fLikahd GOjpf; fhw;W mbj;jNjhL> K];ypk;fspd; Kfq;fis GOjpahy; epug;gpAk; itj;jJ.
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ifNrjNk cUthf epd;W nfhz;bUe;j Ry;jhd; Kuhj; 1 ve;j cjtpAk; ,dp fpilf;fhJ vd;w ,Wjp epiyapy;> xNu xUtDila cjtp kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;> mJNt ntw;wpf;F ,Wjp top vd;W vz;zpatuhf> md;iwa ,uT KOtijAk; ,iwtid Jjpj;Jj; njhOifapy; fopj;J> mtdJ cjtpiaAk;> JiziaAk; Ntz;b epd;whH. mtuJ ,e;jg; gpuhHj;jid md;iwa mjpfhiyg; nghOJ GyUk; tiuAk; njhlHe;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.
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800 Mz;Lfhy ];ngapdpy; epotpa K];ypk;fspd; Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;j ,tHfs;> KO K];ypk; cyfj;ijAk; xU KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuj; Jbf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy; K];ypk; cyfj;ij ,tHfs; ,d;iwf;F jq;fsJ iffSf;F mlf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> nrhe;j ehl;il ,];yhj;jpd; nfhs;iffSf;Fs; ,oe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;whHfs; vd;gJ jhd; cz;ik.
];ngapdpy; tho;e;j fpwp];jtHfSk;> gpuhd;]; y; tho;e;j fpwp];jtHfSk; fpudlh it tPo;j;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;lk; Nghl;L nray;gl;ldH. Mdhy; ,d;iwf;F ];ngapDk;> gpuhd;]; k; ,];yhkpa nfhs;iffSf;Fs; jq;fis ,oe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
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,e;j Aj;jk; fyhr;rhuq;fSf;fpilapyhd Aj;jk; vd;fpd;wdH cyfg; ghHitahsHfs;. nty;yg; NghtJ MAjq;fsy;y> nfhs;iffs; jhd;. nfhs;if gyk; ,];yhj;jplk; kl;LNk cs;sJ.
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